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NATURE OF THE NULLITY OF UNFAIR TERMS IN CONTRACTS WITH CONSUMERS OR MICRO OR SMALL ENTREPRENEURS. ON THE CONSISTENCY AND FUNCTIONALITY OF THE REGIME OF ABSOLUTE NULLITY CONTEMPLATED IN THE CIVIL CODE
This article, after briefly exposing the two main theses about the nature of the nullity contemplated in Law No. 19,496 regarding unfair terms, examines whether the regime of absolute nullity exhibits the dysfunctions accused by a certain sector of the doctrine. An attempt is made to show that all objections to the consistency and functionality of the application of said regime are defeatable and that they do not justify the construction, through interpretation, of a special regime. It is postulated that the regime of absolute nullity, correctly understood, is not only functional, but is also more protective than an alleged, incomplete and uncertain special regime.
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STANDING TO SUE OF THE PUBLIC PROSECUTOR’S OFFICE TO CLAIM ABSOLUTE NULLITY IN THE INTEREST OF MORALITY OR THE LAW
Among the subjects entitled to request the declaration of absolute nullity of an act, article 1683 of the Civil Code mentions the public ministry. This legitimation presents two interpretative difficulties; the first one, that the former can act “in the interest of morality or the law”, which is usually opposed to a pecuniary interest; on the other hand, that the latter has evolved in terms of organic structure, content and powers. Given these difficulties, two theses can be put forward; the first, aims to conclude that the Public Prosecutor’s Office has lost such powers; the second, which this work defends, is that it maintains them. For these purposes, the modifications experienced by the Public Prosecutor’s Office are analyzed and arguments are made to give practical use to said article.
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ABOUT THE SANCTION FOR UNFAIR TERMS IN CONSUMER LAW
This article examines the sanction applicable to unfair terms in Chilean consumer law, in light of a recent decision of the Supreme Court (Case No. 34713-2023), which classified as unfair an acceleration clause contained in a mortgage loan agreement. The judgment is of particular interest as it expressly resolves the doctrinal debate concerning the nature of the invalidity provided for in Article 16 of Law No. 19,496, holding that it amounts to absolute nullity. The article sets out the facts of the case, systematises the main doctrinal positions on the sanction for unfairness, and reviews the evolution of case law on the matter. Finally, the authors argue that the solution adopted by the Supreme Court is only partially correct, although it is commendable insofar as it is grounded in existing law: it recognises the public policy character of the control of unfair terms and allows for a coherent integration of the Consumer Protection Act with the general regime of nullity, without resorting to de lege ferenda constructions.
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Abusividad por falta de transparencia, nulidad de cláusulas no incorporadas e improcedencia de responsabilidad infraccional. 17° Juzgado de Letras en lo Civil de Santiago, 27 de enero de 2017, rol n.° 15092-2015. Corte de Apelaciones de Santiago, 7 de septiembre de 2018, rol n.° 8261-2017. Corte Suprema, 27 de diciembre de 2019, rol n.° 114-20191
A fin de concretar la venta de unidades de diversos proyectos inmobiliarios, Constructora Santa Beatriz S.A., a partir de 2002, desarrolló un modelo de contratación que, desde la perspectiva de cada consumidor interesado, comprendía la celebración de tres contratos diferentes: un contrato de reserva, uno de promesa de compraventa y uno de compraventa. De acuerdo con el modelo mencionado, el “proceso de compraventa de un departamento en modalidad verde” comenzaba por la celebración de un contrato de reserva, en cuya virtud el consumidor vinculado debía entregar en el mismo acto una suma de diez unidades de fomento, debiendo la inmobiliaria abstenerse de ofrecer en el mercado el departamento reservado por un plazo de quince días corridos. Una vez realizada la reserva y dentro de los quince días siguientes, el consumidor podía optar por desistirse del proceso de compra –siéndole restituidas las respectivas diez unidades de fomento–, o persistir en el mismo. En este último caso, la inmobiliaria lo citaba para la suscripción de un contrato de promesa, obligándose el consumidor a celebrar la compraventa prometida dentro del plazo establecido en la promesa, siempre que se hubieran cumplido las condiciones impuestas por la inmobiliaria. (...)
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JURISPRUDENTIAL ANALYSIS OF THE ANNULMENT ACTION BASED ON A RECOGNITION ERROR IN THE GENETIC CORRESPONDENCE WITH THE CHILD
The principle of biological truth is established as a founding principle of the filiation Chilean system. However, nowadays the preponderance of the coincidence between legal filiation and genetic correspondence between father and son is being questioned. This article aims to reflecton this topic regarding the figure of recognition. Exploring, in particular, what the jurisprudential answer has been regarding the possibility to cancel this act when the one who recognizes paternity alleges that he has incurred in an error discovering, afterward, that the child is not biologically his. Finally, a critical balance is presented, proposing to understand in a restricted manner the scope of the annulment action based on a recognition error, which will have to fulfill certain requirements to prosper. In the instances in which the action is denied, the filiation will stand, despite not being based on biological truth, so that recognition operates as an exception to this principle. This is justified by the purpose sought by the institution, which determines that genetic correspondence is not, in all cases, a quality of the son that possesses relevance to vitiate consent.
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The incompatibility of the remedies against the “prestación irrisoria” according to the ecuadorian Commercial Code
The new Commercial Code enshrines the prestación irrisoria for the first time in our legal system. Its purpose is to ensure that the obligations that each contractual party acquires are symmetrical. Nonetheless, the Code offers three incompatible consequences should the contract have a prestación irrisoria: absolute nullity, resolution and adapting the contract. For that reason, we propose that the adequate consequence for a prestación irrisoria should be the relative nullity, since that solution is compatible with the adaptation of the contract.